清咸、同以来,清廷君臣,谈及内忧,动以“南发”“北捻”相提并论。南发指洪秀全领导之太平天国而言,北捻即指张乐行领导之捻军而言。张乐行父名慰祖,母燕氏,长兄名问行(出嗣堂伯念祖)、仲兄名敏行(捻军称为闯王,清史及地方志名为张闯),从堂兄弟有名广行者,有名果行者。乐行小名香儿,家在涡阳县城西北十二里之张老家。有良田五百余亩,其先世有张鸿羽者(与张宗禹同村),在明末清初,曾占独山起义(在涡阳城东北三十
里),与闯、献同时,而势力差小,名声差低,故乡里犹传其佚事,而历史竞缺其姓名。乐行为人,宽厚和平,极重义气。远近争归附之。家虽富有,而好潜率穷人,贩卖私盐。异地友好,有亡命者,抓走匿其所,乐行殷勤招 待,久而弥笃,官方即悬赏购捕,乐行从未缚献一人。倘遇形格势禁,难再隐匿,必厚备川资,亲进出境。仿佛西汉朱家、郭解之为人。故归附日众,声誉日高。袒臂一呼,附近州县随从者,数至巨万。既非威胁,又非利诱。 其号召力量,实由乎日积渐养成,非幸致也。乐行起义于咸丰元年,殉难于同治二年。其族子宗禹(西捻领袖),失败于同治七年。任柱(东捻领袖)失败又早于宗禹一年。捻军游击之区,为安徽、河南、山东、江苏、湖北、陕西、山西、直隶(今河北省)八省。初与太平天国,一在黄河流域,一在长江流域,分道扬镖,齐驱并驾,中道稍衰,附于 太平天国。待南京失陷,太平军部将赖文光转附于捻。张氏起事,较洪氏略后而失败亦较太平天园为晚。涡河流域,酷好呼人小名,或呼人绰号。必对其人有相当敬重者,始称其名字。至单举其人名中之一字,上更配一老字者, 则为特别尊敬之词,非有深仁厚义,使人心悦诚服者,不能获得此种称号于乡里。马玉昆,字景山,在清廷任至直隶提督,晋衔少保,予溢忠武。当时可调备极尊荣,而至今呼为马三元,是但称其小名也。乐行乃清室所低为流 寇者,而乡里至今呼为张老乐。即此可见舆论之一斑,即此可骏人心之向背。咸丰元年,有黄河北岸之流亡者,僦乐行之屋而居,以擒人余粮为生。初冬入邻村大户宋某地内始取山芋,为大户所唇,归而哭诉于乐行。乐行使 次日复往拾芋,而自率多人周旋窥视。见大户大骂流亡者,声色惧厉,凶如豺狼。乐行出而制止,因与大户发生械斗。宋氏死者四人。爱具状控诸毫州,皂隶持竿下乡,见乐行势不可侮,未敢逮捕,因商请乐行赴城对簿。乐行曰: “尔知州如欲与吾相见,带兵来拱沟作战可也”。皂隶悚息而退,知州亦莫敢谁何。由此河北之流亡者,汇集其门,门庭若市。生计不足,尝往黄河以北夺取富室牧畜之羊。此乐行受穷人拥护,推为捻头之始。乐行所谓洪沟, 在张老家之北约七、八里,两岸均属平原,乃一宽阔之战场也。咸丰二年,乐行率众往贩私盐于河朔。其族子张扬(中庄人,工射击)偕流寓者十七人往河南永城境内掠羊百余头。永城官吏捕之下狱,乐行归率龚得等捻万余人, 包围永城,劫扬出狱。由此众依乐行以自固,声势始大。龚得者白旗黄边之捻头也。家在涡西二十五里之公吉寺,目若近视,而夜能见物,众呼为龚瞎子。龚足智多谋,长于袭击,与乐行为密友,捻军公认为乐行之军师。咸丰 十一年,龚德得与清军成大战作战殁于罗田之松子关。自此乐行军无谋主,日渐削弱矣。 咸丰三年,永城捻头冯金标、张风山,毫州捻头宋洪占、陈起生、邓作仁、尹甲、王怀山、孙玉标、倪中平、朱天保,蒙城捻头胡元众、史鸭、张狗、陈小爱、江怀勤,风台捻头刘洪立、王之重,宿县捻头李殿元等十八人 ,集合于雉河集山西会馆,公报乐行为盟主,祭旗起事。清军统领徐晓峰,本驻于集西偏南大石桥,闻讯骇遁。于是乐行以红、黄、兰、自、黑五色旗,部署各捻。其隶属于纯色各旗者,则加花镶边以别之。以尹家沟为首都,以 银河集为陪都(即今涡阳县城)命捻众称捻头为旗主。各旗旗主,对于乐行皆衷心推戴,奉命维谨,且有震惊失次者。从此乐行率领群众与满清专办团练之工部侍郎吕贤基、兵部侍郎周天爵、兵科给事中袁甲三等,先后周旋于皖 北者历时三年。时胜时负,分合无常。卒使吕氏战殁于舒城,周氏忧卒于阜 阳,当时乐行威凌之盛,亦可想见矣。咸丰五年,宿州知州郭士亨饬耆老往乐行处说降,许以宫职,并给口粮, 乐行虚与委蛇,一意敷衍。而士亨逐报上峰,言乐行业已允降。遗士亨亲来造访,乐行避不与见,士亨进退不得要领,亦而忧死。夫捻军旗主之降清者,指不胜届,卒皆纡青拖紫,置身显要。使乐行以盟主之尊,低首下心,屈膝 消廷,何忧不锦衣玉食,贵为卿相,而乐行意不屑为是,由此亦可想见乐行之节操矣。又传说乐行与:亡亨曾一度会晤,晤会时,曾用洋炮射落白颈乌鸦一头,可知其亦颇善射击之术也。 咸丰六年四月,袁甲三调翼长舒通额、付都统克蒙额、南阳总兵邱连恩绰号邱老虎,清军猛将)、怀庆总兵崇安,四路合击,以降捻孙之友(绰号五雷,勇锐善战)为前峰。捻军黑旗旗主苏天福,连败五马沟、田家沟等处,乃 求救于乐行,乐行纠合五色旗以救之。甫交峰而黑旗先遁,各旗受其牵制,相继奔散,全军遂大败于马家桥。清军追至祸河南岸之铁牛领,乐行转往固始、阜阳交界之三河尖;六月清军追至三河尖,乐行转回雏河集,焚杀乡绅之勾 通清军者,以示惩创。乐行屡经失利,遂因太平天国英王陈玉成,通款于天王洪秀全、洪氏封乐行为渥王(清史省笔作沃),任柱为鲁王,刘金鼎为烈王,并赐乐行名马银鞍及手书对联一付。自兹乐行蓄满发,受印信,伊若太平天国之别部矣。厥后乐行殉难,宗禹继领其众。后因张琢(一名张禹爵,清史作张五孩,捻军之名将也)与任杖不协,柱率部而东,与宗禹分支,于是宗禹为西捻,任柱为东捻,不复合并。当太平天国浩封犹未颁到时,烈王刘金鼎己战死于胶州。其族弟金鉴继领其众,声势日削,不能与张任鼎峙矣。 咸丰七年正月,乐行南至六安,会太平天国忠王李秀成与之合因霍邱,下之。又分兵围颖上、固始两县,旋被邱连恩击败于三河尖,又被困于风关。赖太平军部将李昭寿(后降清改名世忠)救应,始得退至六安。十一月间,任柱、龚得疑兰旗旗主刘永敬(绰号饿狼)及其族子刘天台(绰号小白龙)有异志,诱而杀之。于是部下稍有散去者。十二月,兰旗部曲刘天福、刘天月、魏希元,刘金鉴、魏希纯等,即由六安自动引还,卒皆降清。此乐行遇害之远因也。师克 在和,古语可弗深信哉。 咸丰八年,乐行遣宗禹东破清江。清江为清溜河总督驻节之所,宗禹一鼓破之,易如拾芥,其用兵之善可知也。又遣白边兰旗旗主杨瑞英还据蒙城西北五十里之西阳集,自率白旗旗主江台陵、孙葵心等,由寿州正阳关东下,连破 怀远、定远两县城。清军及苗沛霖合围之,李秀成趋救,围始解。苗沛霖宇雨三,风台诸生,时人呼为苗先生。初办团练以自卫,旋降清。清督师胜保保为道员(胜保,旗人,时人呼为败保,以其用兵胜少败多也)。后又降太平天国, 洪氏封为扫北王。朝秦暮楚,意欲割据两淮,自为雄长。时与乐行相助,时与乐行为敌,乐行之败没,苗氏实促成之。 咸丰十一年,又复叛清之苗沛霖与乐行及太平军部将马永和合力围颖州,乐行军饷全由苗坪供给。次年苗氏又受胜保抚,乐行骤失后盾,又闻援颖之湘军鲍超率兵将至,部众惊散,苗氏又跟踪追击,败之于颖上,乐行走还雉河集。同治元年,衰甲三病剧回籍,胜保移防陕西,清廷命僧格林沁统率山东、河南军务,督抚提镇均归节制,自夏邑进兵,扫荡商邱、毫州、宿州境内诸捻寨。 次年二月,乐行避入宿境,同知英翰截击之。乐行又经雉河集还尹沟。是月,英翰用贡生牛裴然收抚杨瑞英、刘天福等二十余旗。二月,僧酋部将舒通额等连破乐行之首都尹家沟、陪都雉河集,又进击乐行于毫属之张村铺(今属涡阳)。乐行悉合五色旗众二十余万迎敌,复为僧军骑将陈国瑞、富民阿等所击败。乐行携其子张阎(即张瑶)及其子王宛儿走宿州,夜过西阳集,叩李勤邦(小名四一)之门,勤邦适于此日随杨瑞英(小名二)受英翰抚,乃曰,“香哥吗?”阳具酒撰款之,而阴遣人报英翰。此日黎明,英翰率牛裴然、杨瑞英至,执乐行父子,及力竭乞降之黑旗主苏天福、江台陵等。均拴送僧酋大营,凌迟处死。此一代之风云人物,竟与天王洪氏俱饮恨以终矣。 乐行琢于僧酋之营前。当日僧酋大营在今涡阳县义门集西北七里之周家营(村名,或谓名七里铺)。清史据僧酋奉报,谓凌迟处死。而尔日当场见者,言凌迟之先,曾以铁钩由肛门探入,将大肠施出,乃异常残酷之非刑也。乐行胆 勇过人,几乎不知人间有可畏之事。有时敌军大至,节节进逼,人或怵于众寡悬殊,私心危惧,而乐行洋洋如平时,未尝以强敌为虑也。有时屡战屡败,众皆气馁,纵勉强交锋亦莫敢醒战。惟乐行一得援兵,即再接再厉,勇锐如初, 亦未尝以先时失利,多所顾虑也。敏行(张闯)第三子张琛之妇侯氏,于乐行死后,被押于毫州监狱,生一子名本立,宇道生,兼承乐行之祀。侯氏分娩之先,毫绅段某为之预赂狱吏,诡报女体,否则本立亦将不兔矣。敏行凡五于,长 瑶、次玳、次琛、次瑷、次琢(五孩)。瑶与瑷皆毫州库生,推玳以病卒于家。敏行率四子参加捻军,先后致命于战役。本立生羹才,今犹健在。曾为余言,民国初年,孙中山任临时大总统时,尝饬皖督柏文蔚征取二张之事实。其父本立当挽怀远庠生邵右青(名情田)撰文寄呈,长约千余言。邵氏远在清季即己避地张老家,其时距乐行败没不过三四十年。故老尚在,传述较确,邵氏叙述必有相当之详明。借频经战乱,底稿已成煨烬矣。羹才二子长安民,次宜民,均与作者年相若。且有葭莩亲,岁时犹相往还焉。 In Xianfeng and Tongzhi time of Qing dynasty(i.e. 1850s-1860s), the govenment mentioned the "the Fa in the South " and "the Nian in the North" in the same breath,when it worried about its domestic trouble.The formal refered to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom led by Hong Xiuquan and the later refering to the Nian Army whose chief was Zhang Lexing. Lexing was born to a rich family in a village 12 li northwest of Guoyang City .At the turn of Ming and Qing dynasty an ancestor of him called Zhang Hongyu uprised in Dushan ,a place 30 li northeast of Guoyang City.Although he was very infuencial in Guoyangarea ,he had almost no place in history due to his limited force. Lexing was a generous and kind man who was very loyal to his friends.Therefore,people from near or far away came and strived to seek refuge with him.Zhang Lexing was also very rich but he felt it his duty to help the poor.Oneday he was reported that some honest men were forced in exile by the local authority ,Lexing immediately sent for them .Some days later a reward for them was posted in the streets,but Zhang Lexing was not moved. Thus, his reputation grew as the days went by and more and more people came and submmitted to the leadership of him. In 1851,Zhang Lexing revolted openly.The Nian Army led by him asserted its influence in the Yellow River valley and ran abreast with Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the Yangzi River valley though the formal committed to the authority of the later when its force weekened.. The two were the fatal threats to the very existence of Qing govenment. In 1855,the Nian Army was in very serious condition,as the anti-revolutionary force became stronger and stronger.The Qing govenment sent Guo Shiheng ,Mayor of, Suzhou City to induced Lexing to capitulate promising him high official rank and a lot of food and money,but he contempt to be the subject of the corrupt of Qing dynasty.He refused decidedly. In 1861, Miao Peiling ,Zhang Lexing and Ma Yonghe (who was the general of Taiping Army ) jointly besiegedYingzhou City govened by Qing authority .Provisions of the Nian Army was provided by Miao. Not long later the disaster took place:Miao betrayed them and went to Qingsside .In addition to this crisis the Hunan Division of Qing army came to the rescure of Yingzhou City.The soldiers of the Nian Army were very frightened and a large number of them dispersed.Finally the Nian Army was defeated and Zhang Lexing fled to Zhihe Town. In February 1862 ,Lexing was captured and put to death by dismembering his body. A man of no equal of his time died with a grievance in his heart. 捻军女兵总首领杜金蝉,是大汉盟主张乐行的第二夫人。 祖籍江南,因家境寒苦,随家人迁居皖北,落户在雉河集郊。乳名大金,卖给张老家楼院财主家当丫环后,因其嗓子好,改名大蝉嫁乐行时,将新旧名联在一起,取学名“杜金蝉”(亦称杜金婵)。金蝉本为农家女,勤劳俭朴是美德。操持家务,接待客人,样样处理得很好,颇受乐行和家人喜爱。金 蝉性格爽直,胸怀开阔,仗义疏财,不亚须眉。在乐行朋友及张氏宗族中,无不钦佩、尊重她,称之“奇女子”。张家晚辈统称她“三婶”或“三奶奶”。金蝉敬佩丈夫的为人。她不仅是家庭中的贤内助,而且还是大汉盟主的好参谋.志同道合,甘苦与共的生活考验,使夫妻间更加相互信任尊重。据张老家一带老人传说,乐行起义,张家氏族中田产较多的人都不同意,害怕丢产坐牢。 乐行愁眉不展,金蝉好言相劝,晓之大义,鼓其勇气,促其早成大业。乐行终于振臂一呼,树旗抗清,金蝉应记一功。 咸丰三年,安徽巡抚周天爵亲赴张老家再次劝降。来人在堂屋客厅谈话,杜金蝉在厨房做饭。乐行后到厨房,杜金蝉委婉劝告拒投,句句成理,乐行很受感动,反清之志遂坚,躲避不见周天爵,以示决绝。 杜金蝉一贯支持乐行正确的主张,咸丰七年,正阳关失守,捻军退守六安,形势逆转,革命渐趋走向低潮。革命队伍内部,发生了思想混乱。部分高级捻军首领反对联合太平军, 强烈要求主力撤回皖北。加之苗沛霖北袭雄河集,乡恋浓烈,复仇心盛,北归呼声益高。乐行坚决主张联合,但患难以说服捻众。在乐行召开的一次军事会议上,杜金蝉慷慨陈辞,说道:“……诺堂主强推以为盟主,骑虎而又欲下之,可乎? 今日之事,匆庸多言1”①众人听了十分感动,遂不再议。 一八六二年冬,僧格林心集大量精兵驻毫境。战云密布,一场决战势不可免。乐行对于能不能打心怀顾虑,犹豫不决。杜金蝉击节说道:“好盟主!拥众百万,不能一战,何以为人1”②字字玑珠,铮铮金石音。每读至此,总为巾帼女杰折服。次年初,雉河集保卫战失败。乐行及二子殉难。杜金蝉不久也被扑就义。 |
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